📝Bit-flipping attack

Bit-flipping attack is an attack on a cypher where attacker can modify the cyphertext to produce predictable changes to plaintext. This allows the attacker to modify the plaintext message in their desirable way (especially if the structure of the message is known).

Synchronous stream cyphers are vulnerable as well as some Block cipher mode of operation.

To counteract this attack, it’s important to authenticate messages to reject messages that were modified.